Ritalin Essays - Methylphenidate, , Term Papers

Ritalin Ritalin The Babysitter of the 90's 07/03/2000 Prepared for Nursing 2116 by Tracey Hardin Ritalin (Methylphenidate) is a mild CNS stimulant. In medicine, Ritalin's primary use is treatment of Attention Deficit /Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). The mode of action in humans is not completely understood, but Ritalin presumably activates the arousal system of the brain stem and the cortex to produce its stimulant effect. Recently, the frequency of diagnosis for ADHD has increased dramatically. More children and an increasing number of adults are being diagnosed with ADHD. According to the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) (Bailey 1995), prescriptions for Ritalin have increased more than 600% in the past five years. Ritalin has a long history of controversy regarding side effects and potential for abuse, however it greatly benefits those with ADHD. Ritalin (Methylphenidate) is manufactured by CIBA-Geigy Corporation. It is supplied in 5 mg., 10 mg., and 20 mg. tablets, and in a sustained release form, Ritalin SR, in 20 mg. tablets. It is readily water soluble and is intended for oral use. It is a Schedule II Controlled Substance under both the Federal and Vermont Controlled Substance Acts. Ritalin is primarily used in the treatment of Attention Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) (Bailey 1995). ADHD is a condition most likely based in an inefficiency and inadequacy of Dopamine and Norepinephrine hormone availability, typically occurring when a person with ADHD tries to concentrate. Ritalin improves the efficiency of the hormones Dopamine and Norepinephrine, increasing the resources for memory, focus, concentration and attention (Clark 1996). Ritalin has been used for more than 30 years to treat ADHD. Nervousness and insomnia are the most common adverse reactions reported, but are usually controlled by reducing dosage or omitting the afternoon or evening dose. Decreased appetite is also common but usually transient (Long 1996). According to Clark (1996), children, adolescents and adults diagnosed with ADHD usually report the following effects when successfully treated with Ritalin: Improved concentration Better focus Improved ability to complete their work Improved intensity of attention and longer attention span Reduced distractibility Reduced impulsivity Reduced restlessness and overactivity Improved patience More elaborate expressive vocabulary Better written expression and handwriting (especially in children) An improved sense of alertness Improved memory for visual as well as auditory stimuli Ritalin exhibits pharmacological activity similar to that of amphetamines. Ritalin's exact mechanism of action in the CNS is not fully understood, but the primary sites of activity appear to be in the cerebral cortex and the subcortical structures including the thalamus. Ritalin blocks the reuptake mechanism present in dopaminergic neurons. As a result, sympathomimetic activity in the central nervous system and in the peripheral nervous system increases. Ritalin-induced CNS stimulation produces a decreased sense of fatigue, an increase in motor activity and mental alertness, mild euphoria, and brighter spirits. In the PNS, the actions of Ritalin are minimal at therapeutic doses (Clinical Pharmacology Online 1997). Ritalin is the quickest of all oral ADHD stimulant medications in onset of action: it starts to achieve benefit in 20 - 30 minutes after administration, and is most effective during the upward slope' and peak serum levels. Ritalin's effect is brief: Most people experience 2-3 hours of benefit, but after 3 hours, benefits drop off rapidly. Some individuals, especially children, may obtain 4 or even 5 hours of positive effect (Clark 1996). Recently, there has been a dramatic upsurge of interest in using stimulants (mainly Ritalin) for children and adults for the increasingly popular diagnosis of ADHD. According to Persky (1996), the high frequency of the diagnosis of ADHD is a uniquely American phenomenon. Children and adults are now under greater pressure to perform and to do well academically or in the workplace. The chilling message in school and at work is Perform or Else. Because of this high intensity atmosphere, the use of Ritalin has become attractive. This has resulted in an acute epidemic of ADHD and the treatment of choice is Ritalin (Persky 1996). For example, after education reforms spearheaded by Ross Perot in Texas in 1984, Ritalin use in the state doubled. One Texas mother says she is being hounded by teachers to put her two boys on Ritalin against their psychologist's advice. Another mother says she had to ask a school board member to intervene when teachers at her child's school also pressed for

spec. needs essays

ETHICS Children w/spec. needs essays Students with Special Needs in the Classroom Environment: No topic has sparked as much recent controversy in the public school system as have equal education laws, particularly laws protecting the rights of students with disabilities. Before the passage of the Education for Handicapped Children Act of 1975 (which was later renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act in 1990), children with disabilities were not treated as equals in the education system. As Dr. Francis Wardle states, For most of this century, children with disabilities have experienced isolation, segregation, misplacement, misdiagnosis, and poor-quality education in our schools and early childhood programs. The purpose of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, or IDEA, focuses on a students right to a free, adequate, and suitable education. Public schools are required by law to serve the needs of all students with disabilities, even if they attend a religious or private school, or are home-schooled. Obviously, the decision to allow a child with a d isability an education outweighs the opposite alternative. The controversy surrounding this issue is the question whether the quality education of a child with special needs should exceed that of a child without disabilities. Parents may consider several alternatives before they decide the learning environment they wish to place their child in. Parents may decide to home school their child where they can ensure that their child is being taught principles they view as important. Unless the child is part of a large family, however, this alternative does not allow the child to interact with peers. Parents may also consider sending their child to a special school that educates only children with disabilities. Doing this eliminates discrimination or any teasing the child may face at an integrated school setting since they are only around other children with disabilities. This ...

Recommendation letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Recommendation letter - Essay Example contributed significantly in the school’s counselling programme by acting as the active counsellor, who has assisted different students with various issues affecting their lives. Jane is caring, passionate and hardworking. During her free time one will meet her interacting with the students as she offers them advice and lessons on how to live a positive life. She is also fond of reading psychology books and I remember when she gave me the Dan Ariely book, Predictably Irrational, which was incomprehensible at first until I sought some reading tips from her. She is extremely well prepared for the Master’s Degree as many of us have seen her studying various psychology related books, which shows that she is dedicated to education and a career path that concerns other’s wellbeing. Jane has always been patient with people and whenever a colleague or a student wrongs her, she always tries to understand the cause and does not seem to jump into quick conclusions. She brings an aura of simplicity and understanding to every difficult situation that people may have. Her personality clearly suits the master’s programme that she wants to pursue and ac cepting her into your institution will not only benefit her, but will also be for the good of the community. I highly recommend Jane for a chance in the Masters of Mental Health and wellbeing for children, young people and families programme, and I sure that even the rest of the community will be grateful too. In case I am needed for any further assistance, please contact me using address or numbers attached. Bodine, Paul. Perfect Phrases for Letters of Recommendation: Hundreds of Ready-To-Use Phrases You Can Use to Recommend Applicants to College, Grad School, and Professional School. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010.

Irelnd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Irelnd - Essay Example Much of this success hs been the outcome of dynmic socil progrms developed by Irish government nd dministrtive deprtments imed to chieve greter socil performnce. It ws bsiclly Irelnd's ttempt to provide good working reltionship within the country s well s to rech consequency in immigrtion policy nd interntionliztion process tht shped country's socil policy. The generl orienttion in setting socil politicl or economic gols ws reching greement with the United Kingdom tht would enble the two governments to chieve significnt progress in the serch for pece in Northern Irelnd. These nd other fctors of internl nd externl socil policy of Republic of Irelnd will be exmined in the following pper. Prticulr focus on the interntionl sources of politicl, economic, nd socil trnsformtion will be mde to cover the ptterns of the topic. It is rgued tht these influences hve been the primry source of chnge in Irelnd since 1980 nd hve produced significnt benefits s well s certin problems for Irish society. Together with pressures for chnge by modernizing elites within Irelnd, who themselves were motivted prtly by their interntionl perspective, these internl nd externl fctors of socil policy hve creted synergistic process of chnge tht hs trnsformed the nture of Irish society. Due to Irish dispor nd close economic ties to Britin, Irelnd hs lwys hd significnt interntionl links nd strong position on interntionl mrket. But the trditionlism of Irish culture, reflected especilly by the profound nd powerful plce of the Ctholic Church, gve the ntion n insulr nd defensive qulity from independence through the 1960s. However by the erly 1990s the Republic of Irelnd hd received reputtion s highly dynmic, modern, nd successful ntion. Rpid economic growth in the 1990s hs resulted in high economic indictors nd nd result positive chnged in socil policy of the country. In 1996 per cpit gross domestic product (GDP) ws bigger thn the United Kingdom (UK) figure, nd growth since 1992 hs been especilly strong (Irelnd, 1997). In fct, through 1993-1999 Irelnd hd the highest GDP growth rte in the Europen Union (EU), nd its per cpit GDP by 1999 ws 112% of the EU verge (Europen Union, 2001). The consequences of culturl chnge produced verifictions to Irish economy nd prospects of its politicl sitution. In the erly 80th, Irelnd ws poor compred to the UK nd Europe's dvnced economies. But it ws not poor in comprison to the economies of Norwy nd nd Finlnd for exmple. (Kennedy, Giblin, & McHugh, 1988, pp. 14-15). Its popultion ws reltively literte, nd its trnsporttion fcilities, bnks, nd housing were reltively modern. lthough not industrilized, it nevertheless hd productive griculturl sector nd followed contemporry business prctices (Hughton, 1995). Of prticulr importnce ws griculturl reform prior to independence tht hd turned ntion where mny hd been exploited tennt frmers into n griculturl system chrcterized by privte ownership by independent frmers. long with significntly incresed interntionliztion of the Irish culture, lte 90th hve produced sound openness nd liberlism in the country (Gllign, 1996, 1998; O'Toole, 1996, pp. 11-22). Of gret importnce is the Good Fridy greement reched in pril 1998 tht creted opportunities for peceful settlement

The implications of the major determinants of demand and supply to Essay

The implications of the major determinants of demand and supply to domestic house building industry - Essay Example This paper starts with understanding this market. Here we will discuss about Porter’s Five Forces Model and try to understand the kind of customers marketers have in the domestic housing sector. This section would be followed by the discussion on determinants of demand and supply in the housing industry. Once we have understood the market structure and supply-demands we will be discussing various factors like economic, social, legal and environmental which affect the industry. This will be followed by the analysis and conclusion. The industry is made up of around 192,404 construction firms, 164,000 of which have less that 24 employees. Just 56 firms have more than 1,200 employees. (Source: Construction Statistics Annual 2002/CITB). 2 There are around 192,404 small and big firms. 56 firms have employed more than 1200 employees while 28,348 firms have employed 25 or more than 25 people and rest 164,000 firms have employed less than 24 people in their organization. Around 500 firms work for overseas contracts also.4 The segment rivalry and exit barriers are high. As it is almost mature industry in Britain, the number of suppliers and rivalry among them is high. This gives an added advantage to the constructor to negotiate for the quality and the price of goods supplied by them. The switching cost from one supplier to another is usually high. Buyers’ power in the case of houses is limited. There are several reasons for this i.e. increasing demand of house, lesser number of buyers, buyers not connected to each other, lack of information and others. The threat of substitutes is less and within the category. Housing requirements of an individual or family can be very specific leaving no room for many or instant substitutes. It depends upon the quality, price and availability of the house. The consumer behaviour can be divided on the basis of the type of consumers. They can be divided on the basis of

Chromatography Technique for Purification

Chromatography Technique for Purification Introduction Column packing is an integral part of the purification process in the manufacture of biologics. The goal is always to ensure reproducibility with regard to the technique to be used. Manual packing might sometimes involve several attempts to get an optimal packing as this would affect the purification process. The resin to be used in the packing process has to be well defined as it could impact on the flow rate which could lead to a reduced through put. The mobile phase is also important as the rationale behind the choice would be looking for a solvent that can pack the resin more tightly. In any chromatography technique that has to be utilised whether for the need to capture, purify or polish four integral parameters which includes, resolution, speed, capacity and recovery are always considered. Resolution is the most difficult to achieve especially during the polishing stage were impurities can be construed as having similar properties to the product. The efficiency of the column packing thus has a significant role to play on this basis as it is a good measure how consistently the column can perform. 1.1 Material: As per SOP 1.2 Key Instrument Components Bubble Trap BT1 Filter Housing F1 Inlet / Outlet Valves V001 V101 UV Sensor – QIR4 pH Probe – QIR3 Conductivity Meter – QIR2 Drain – V102 Column top and bottom connections – DN Â ¼ 1.3 Preparation of column for packing: As per SOP TRG-DSP-052. 1.4 Determination of % slurry: Procedure was followed as per instruction manual Results: Table 1 Results: Table 2 r=5cm h= 15cm 1.178 Volume of gravity settled resin for packing (Vgs) 1.178 x 1.33 1.56674 Slurry volume needed from container (SVc) (To give you the desired amount of gravity settled resin) (c) Vgs x 100 % slurry in container = 1.55574 X 100/66 % Slurry in container = 66% 2.37384 Adjusting the slurry to the desired % concentration for packing Slurry volume required for packing (SVp) Vgs x 100 % slurry for packing = 1.56674 X 100/ 70 % Slurry for packing = 70% 2.2382 Volume packing buffer to add SVp – SVc = 2.2382- 2.37384 -0.13564 Volume to be added is thus 0.13564 Litre Calculations: Number of theoretical = N Where VR = volume eluted from the start of sample application to the peak maximum = 8CM W h = peak width measured as the width of the recorded peak at half of the peak height = 0.5CM N = 5.54 X Â ² Number of theoretical plates = 1418.24 HETP = L/N Where L = Bed height (cm) As we already know N (1418.24) HETP = 15/ 1418.24 = 0.0105765 Asymmetry factor (AS) = b/a Where a = 1st half peak width at 10% of peak height (0.5cm) b = 2nd half peak width at 10% of peak height (0.5cm) = 0.5/0. = 1 As rule of the thumb a good HETP value should be at least two to three times the average matrix bead size and normally in the range of 0.0018cm to 0.035cm. Looking at our column our HETP value was approximately 0.0106 and our bead has a pore size of about 40 microns which equates to 0.004cm and this is about 3 times our HETP. Our column can thus be confirmed to be within the acceptable range. In the event that our column is not within the acceptable range several factors such as the following can be construed as being responsible. Uneven packing of the column or exceeding the optimal packing flow rate The possibility of channelling in the bed Inadequate CIP can also be a factor as this can result in a build-up of contamination in the column thus impacting on flow and other performance determinants of the column. Cleaning is also important to wash the matrix storage solution which is an unwanted entity during packing. Air entrapment prevalence of air bubbles can also affect the HETP values. The possibility of a void being present at the inlet can also be a contributing factor to the value of HETP not being within specification The choice of resin is also very important as the possibility of the solute reacting with the resin can result in an ambiguous HETP value. Peak asymmetry is an important measure in the determination of column efficiency and in conjunction with the HETP value is always used in the calibration of a new or existing column. The gold standard is the ability to achieve an asymmetry value of 1 although the acceptable range is normally between 0.8 and 1.2. An asymmetry value greater than 1 indicates the prevalence of extensive tailing while an asymmetry value less than 1 indicates extensive fronting. Taking our packed column into consideration, our asymmetry value from the chromatogram was 1 and one would generally thus expect a high efficiency and resolution. However, in the event of our column not being within the acceptable asymmetry value the following reason are the possible causes. Extensive tailing which is characterised by an asymmetry value greater than 1 as mentioned earlier can be a reason. This factor is a result of column being packed too loosely and it can be observed from the chromatogram by the peak tailing gradually. Extensive fronting is also a possible cause and it is characterised by an asymmetry factor less than 1 which is normally as a result of the column being packed tightly and would be noticeable on the chromatogram by the peaks developing slowly. Possible causes of resin/column deterioration and their remedies Temperature the resins have a temperature range that is normally specified by the manufacturers and a usually high temperature can cause irreversible damage due to loss of functional groups. It is thus important that operation should always within the optimal ranges and bearing in mind the fact that temperature maxima is only for indication. Oxidation – The functional groups are also attached by oxidation and on this basis one has to ensure that oxidants such as hydrochloric acid , nitric acid are not utilised in the cleaning regime as they can accelerate oxidation which damages the polymer crosslink Fouling apart from impacting on performance of the column can also cause irreversible damage to the resin. Fouling can result due to the presence of iron and silica for this reason special attention has to be paid to the type of resin to be used as prevention they say is better than cure. Drying out and cracking of the resin is also an important reason for column deterioration and this can be remedied by ensuring that the column is well equilibrated. High pressure -The build-up can also cause damage to the resin/column and it could be as a result of flow path restriction due to dirty or worn bed support. Manufacturer’s specification should always be adhered to in ensuring an optimal usage of the resin. The life span of the resin/column should also be taken into account and usage should always be as specified by the manufacturer. Harsh elution is another factor that is responsible for irreversible damages to resin/column. Every resin has a pH range that is optimal and this should be adhered to strictly. Conclusion: The practical experience was so interesting and brought the protein purification lectures received into perspective. A better understanding of the process was developed and the practical knowledge is quite adaptive to the day to day operation in a typical Biopharmaceutical plant.

Market Research :: Business and Management Studies

Market Research Introduction Milo has been around since 1933. It is a chocolate malt flavoured beverage, which is fortified with several vitamins. Young and old love Milo simply for being energy- packed and its rich chocolaty taste. As a health food drink, it is full of vitamins and minerals. In fact, new improved Milo boosts optimum performance. This is what makes it different from its competitors who are; Ovaltine, Haulics, Lucozade, Nesqiuck and other chocolate drinks. Milo is available in 18g single serve sachets, 80g, 200g, 300g, 600g, 1kg refill packs and in ready-to-drink plastic bottles. You can also enjoy the goodness of Milo through the healthy and delicious Milo Balls, Milo Ice Cream, Milo Scoop Shake and Milo Balls. I am going to identify and explain the principles of marketing because it is the foundation at, which I’m going to use to create my marketing strategy. Marketing involves the anticipation, identification, satisfaction and creation of consumer wants for the purpose of generating income or profit. It also involves a variety of activities designed to raise consumer awareness, develop new products, increase market share and profit and to manage the effects of change and competition. In order for a business’s marketing to be successful, it must be based on the principles of marketing, which are: * Understand customer needs * Understand and keep ahead of competition * Communicate effectively with its customers to satisfy customer expectations * Co-ordinate its functions to achieve marketing aims * Be aware of constraints on marketing activities Understanding customer needs This principle is based mainly on marketing research. Market research can be used to gather information about consumers buying habits and spending patterns. Organisations use it to scan the industry for any changes or trends, rather than asking 100 people if they like a product or other questions relating to consumers needs. This is much easier but has a drawback, which are expenses. It is very expensive carrying out market research because market research is a big business, which involves a lot of equipment and the correct professionals. This principle is significant to my marketing strategy because in order for my product to sell I will need to identify the right customers and the best way to achieve this is by understanding customer needs. Being unable to understanding customer needs could lead to no sales, thus no profit. For example, having a good product will benefit your marketing ploys, however, if the price does not meet the customer’s needs it may not sale or even if the place of distribution is not satisfactory the product may not sell; therefore understanding customer needs is essential to my marketing strategy.